The Indian Penal Code (IPC), enacted in 1860, is the primary criminal code of India, covering offenses, penalties, and legal procedures. Drafted by Lord Macaulay, it classifies crimes such as theft, murder, fraud, and defamation, prescribing punishments accordingly. The IPC is divided into 23 chapters with over 500 sections, addressing various criminal acts, their definitions, and legal consequences. It applies nationwide, except in Jammu and Kashmir, which follows its own criminal laws. Over time, amendments have modernized provisions to align with contemporary legal and social needs. The IPC works alongside procedural laws like the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) for enforcement.